I would like to know if it is possible to play an XBox game that is on a CD under Windows 10 without first installing it on the XBox.
Can't. The games are designed for the architecture of the Xbox One and can be emulated at most in digital form (ie as pirated copy for example) on the PC. (you also need an emulator) furthermore: does your PC have a Blurray drive? If not, that's not the case. Because the disc for the One are Blurrays, and PCs with DVD drive do not pack something like that.
Thank you for your help. However, I had already answered my question through research xD.