I'm away two days a week and would like to use a second XBox one in the evening, I can take games CD with me and access the same scores as on the Xbox at home. Either the Xbox saves them in a cloud or I can define a USB stick as a storage location and take it with me? Does anyone have any ideas here?
You already recognized it!
As soon as you start a game with your account on a second Xbox, the game status is synchronized via the cloud.
Also with non-digital games but games via CD?
Of course, that has nothing to do with it.
As long as you have an existing online connection while playing, your saved games are stored in the cloud.
