If I buy the Xbox Game pass for one euro, I get free games like sea of thieves.
But when the pass expires, I don't keep it anymore?
That is true with the games, however, the gamepass costs you only 1 euro in the first month and is automatically extended from the second month you pay 12.99 euro if you do not cancel.
If I quit immediately after 2 days would the 2nd month no longer start or is there a minimum monthly membership?
This can be canceled at any time, but I would not do it exactly 1-2 days before the end of the first month, you never know.
When the pass has expired, you can't continue playing the games, as you have noticed.
The Game Pass is a quasi game flat rate with a subscription model.
But what you can do is accept the 1 euro offer and cancel immediately. The month runs anyway.